ENTOLASIA
B.K.Simon, C.M.Weiller & R.D.Webster
Entolasia Stapf, In D.Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 739 (1920); from Greek entos (within) and lasios (hairy), referring to the hairy fertile lemma covered by the upper glume.
Type: E. olivacea Stapf.
Perennial, rhizomatous, stoloniferous or without stolons. Flowering culms caespitose or decumbent; nodes hairy (with short appressed hairs) or glabrous. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf blades flat to involute. Plants with hermaphrodite florets. Inflorescence a panicle, exserted at maturity. Spikelets with disarticulation at the base of the spikelet, adaxial, dorsally compressed, lanceolate to elliptic. Glumes 2, very unequal, rounded on the back; lower glume ovate to oblong, 0–3 nerved, glabrous; upper glume lanceolate or elliptic or oblanceolate, 5 nerved, glabrous, acute, muticous or mucronate. Lower floret sterile; lemma membranous, 5 nerved, with apex acute; palea absent. Upper floret; lemma white to yellow, cartilaginous, smooth to irregularly striate, elliptic, lacking an apical crest, apically rounded to acute, muticous; palea cartilaginous, smooth to irregularily striate. Anthers 0.7–1.2 mm long. Hilum short..
Entolasia was described to account for two tropical African species with a hairy upper floret. The three Australian species are very similar to the African ones in the general form of the inflorescence and spikelet characters. However, the African species are semi-aquatic in habit whereas the Australian species occur in rocky outcrops in woodlands (Webster, 1987).
C.E.Hubbard, Entolasia whiteana C.E.Hubbard, Hooker's Icon. Pl. t.3338 (1937); Joyce W.Vickery, Entolasia in R.H.Anderson, Flora of New South Wales 19 (1): 69-72 (1961); R.D.Webster, Entolasia in Austral. Paniceae 86–89 (1987).
A genus of 6 species; 2 in tropical Africa are semi-aquatic while the 4 species endemic to Australia occur in rocky outcrops in woodlands.
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1 Leaf blades flat; upper lemma to 2.4 mm long |
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2 Leaf blades more than 3 cm long, soft in texture |
1. E. marginata |
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2: Leaf blades to 3 cm long, hard in texture |
2. E. minutifolia
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1: Leaf blades incurved to involute, hard in texture; upper lemma more than 2.5 mm long |
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3 Spikelets 2.3‑3.8 mm long |
3. E. stricta
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3: Spikelets 4‑6 mm long |
4. E. whiteana |
1. Entolasia marginata (R. Br.) Hughes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 331 (1923)
Panicum marginatum R.Br., Prodr. 190 (1810). T: Port Jackson, Qld, R.Brown Iter Australiense 6113; lecto: K (photo BRI), fide Hughes, loc.cit.; isolecto: BM (photo BRI), BRI, E.
Panicum marginatum var. majus Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 486 (1878). T: Qld, chiefly in Leichhardt's collections; n.v.
Panicum singulare Steud., Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 60 (1853), [Port Jackson], holo: P; iso: BRI.
Illustrations: N.T.Burbidge, Austral. Grasses 3: 89 (1970); N.G.Walsh in N.G.Walsh & T.J.Entwisle (eds), Fl. Victoria 2: 592, fig. 120c-d (1994); S.W.L.Jacobs, R.D.B.Whalley & D.J.B.Wheeler, Grasses of New South Wales, 4th Ed 244 (2008).
Flowering culms 25–75 cm tall, 3–9 noded. Ligule 0.5–1 mm long. Leaf blades flat (the margins occasionally inrolled), 3–17 cm long, 2.5–11 mm wide. Inflorescence 3–15 cm long. Primary branches 0.5–7 cm long, 0.4–0.6 cm wide. Lowermost inflorescence node smooth or scabrous. Spikelets 2–20 on a typical lowermost primary branch, lanceolate, 2.4–3.5 mm long, 0.9–1.2 mm wide. Glumes; lower glume 0.3–1 mm long, 0–1 nerved; upper glume 2.4–3.5 mm long, elliptic, muticous or mucronate. Lower floret; lemma 2.4–3.5 mm long. Upper floret; lemma 2–2.4 mm long, white to yellow, smooth, lacking an apical crest, apically rounded; palea smooth. Bordered Panic.
Native; occurs in forested areas of eastern Australia from Vic to tropical Qld. Also recorded from New Caledonia. Tropical heaths, tropical and subtropical rain forests, tropical and subtropical wet sclerophyll forests, dry sclerophyll forests, Brigalow forests, tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands, and temperate sub-humid woodlands. Flowering throughout the year. Map 1112.
Qld: Dunk Is., S.T.Blake 18878 (BRI, CANB, K); Blackdown Tableland, E.R.Anderson 906 (BRI, NSW, K); near Pine Mt, C.E.Hubbard 4359 ((BRI, K). N.S.W.: Eastern Creek, Doonside, R.Coveny 11809 (BRI, NSW); Deua R, 17 km SE of Araluen, I.Crawford 2166 (BRI, CANB, NSW). Vic: 5.4 km S of Princess Hwy along Palm Track, E of Orbost, S.J.Forbes 3221 (BRI, CANB, NSW).
Similar to E. minutiflora by having flat leaf blades, as opposed to E. stricta and E. whiteana with incurved to involute leaf blades. Differs from E. minutiflora by having leaf blades more than 3 cm long and soft in texture.
2. Entolasia minutifolia B.K.Simon, Austrobaileya 9: 204 (2010)
T: between Miles and Drillham, 19 Feb. 1935, S.T.Blake 7709; holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, DNA, NSW, PERTH.
Flowering culms 5–45 cm tall, 2–6 noded. Ligule 0.2 mm long. Leaf blades flat, -3 cm long, 1.5–3.5 mm wide. Inflorescence 0.6–3 cm long. Primary branches 0.4–0.9 cm long, 0.2–0.3 cm wide. Spikelets 3–4 on a typical lowermost primary branch, elliptic, 2.2–2.5 mm long, 1–1.3 mm wide. Glumes; lower glume 0.4 mm long, 0 nerved; upper glume 2.2–2.5 mm long, lanceolate, muticous. Lower floret; lemma 2.3–2.4 mm long. Upper floret; lemma 2.1 mm long, yellow or brown, smooth, acute; palea smooth.
Endemic; Darling Downs and Moreton Districts of Qld. Flowering Feb. to Apr. Map 1114.
Qld: Near Kogan, S.T.Blake 13266 (BRI), S.T.Blake 19180 (BRI, CANB); 5 mls [8 km] N of Karara on road to Leyburn, S.T.Blake 23596 (BRI, K, MO, NSW); Ballandean N.P., NE of Wallangarra, S.T.Blake 14137 (BRI, CANB, NSW); Honeysuckle Ck, 20 km NE of Inglewood, P.I.Forster & M.B.Thomas (BRI).
Differs from E. marginata by much smaller stature with leaf blades less than 3 cm long and rigid in texture.
3. Entolasia stricta (R. Br.) Hughes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 331 (1923)
Panicum strictum R.Br., Prodr. 190 (1810); Panicum marginatum var. strictum (R.Br.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 486 (1878). T: Port Jackson, Qld, R.Brown Iter Australiense 6099; holo: BM (photo BRI); iso: BRI.
Panicum strictum var. hirsutum Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 313 (1915). T: Tambourine Mtns, Qld, Apr. 1910, K.Domin [1167]; lecto, here chosen: PR (photo BRI).
Panicum strictum var. subtriglume Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 313 (1915) T: Nordost-Queensland: auf Felsen oberhalb von Yarraba, in einer Höhe von circa 550 m, K.Domin s.n.; holo: PR, n.v.
Illustrations: J.C.Tothill & J.B.Hacker, Grasses of Southern Queensland 226 (1983); T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 3: 235, fig. 37A (1989); N.G.Walsh in N.G.Walsh & T.J.Entwisle (eds), Fl. Victoria 2: 592, fig. 120a-b (1994); S.W.L.Jacobs, R.D.B.Whalley & D.J.B.Wheeler, Grasses of New South Wales, 4th Ed 244 (2008).
Flowering culms 20–75 cm tall, 5–10 noded. Ligule 0.2–0.6 mm long. Leaf blades involute (mostly), 1.5–8 cm long, 1–7 mm wide. Inflorescence 0.6–10 cm long. Primary branches 0.5–3 cm long, 0.3–0.5 cm wide. Spikelets 1–22 on a typical lowermost primary branch, elliptic, 2.3–3.8 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm wide. Glumes; lower glume 0.4–1.3 mm long, 0 nerved (rarely very faintly nerved); upper glume 2.6–3.6 mm long, elliptic or oblanceolate, mucronate. Lower floret; lemma 2.6–3.6 mm long. Upper floret; lemma 2.5–3.9 mm long, white to yellow, smooth to irregularly striate, apically rounded; palea smooth to irregularily striate. Anthers 0.8–1.1 mm long. Wiry Panic.
Native; occurs in forested areas of eastern Australia from Vic to tropical Qld and extends into New Guinea. Tropical heaths, tropical and subtropical rain forests, tropical and subtropical wet sclerophyll forests, temperate wet sclerophyll forests, dry sclerophyll forests, Brigalow forests, tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands, and temperate sub-humid woodlands. Flowering throughout the year. Map 1111.
Qld: 24 km NNW of Daintree, D.E.Boyland 482 (BRI); hills near Mt. Gravatt, C.E.Hubbard 3294 (BRI, CANB). N.S.W.: near Wentworth, C.E.Hubbard 8187 (BRI, NSW, K); 3 km SE of Bargo, I.Crawford 2303 (BRI, CANB, NSW) Vic: Allen Head, Genoa R, East Gippsland, D.E.Albrecht 4827 (BRI, CANB, MEL).
Similar to E. whiteana by having incurved to involute leaf blades, whereas E. marginata and E. minutiflora have leaf blades that are flat. Furthermore the upper lemma is longer than in these species. It differs from E. whiteana by having shorter spikelets.
4. Entolasia whiteana C.E. Hubb., Hooker's Icon. Pl. t. 3338 (1937)
T: Bulimba, Brisbane, Qld, Sept. 1930, C.E.Hubbard 4079; holo: K; iso: BRI.
Illustrations: C.E.Hubbard, op.cit.; T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 3: 235, fig. 37B (1989); S.W.L.Jacobs, R.D.B.Whalley & D.J.B.Wheeler, Grasses of New South Wales, 4th Ed 245 (2008).
Flowering culms 30–60 cm tall, 5–10 noded. Ligule 0.6–1.2 mm long. Leaf blades involute (mostly), 1.5–10 cm long, 1–4 mm wide. Inflorescence 4–12 cm long. Primary branches 0.4–2.5 cm long, 0.4–0.5 cm wide. Spikelets 2–8 on a typical lowermost primary branch, hairy, lanceolate, 4–6 mm long, 1.4–1.6 mm wide. Glumes; lower glume 1–2 mm long, 0–3 nerved (the lateral nerves are commonly faint or obscure); upper glume 3.8–5.5 mm long, lanceolate, muticous. Lower floret; lemma 4–5.7 mm long. Upper floret; lemma 3.8–5.5 mm long, white, smooth to irregularly striate, acute; palea smooth to irregularily striate. Anthers 1.7–2 mm long.
Endemic; occurs in forested areas of eastern Australia from central N.S.W. to tropical Qld. Tropical and subtropical wet sclerophyll forests, temperate wet sclerophyll forests, dry sclerophyll forests, Brigalow forests, tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands, temperate sub-humid woodlands, and semi-arid shrub woodlands. Flowering sporadically throughout the year. Map 1113.
Qld: Pryde Rd, 15 km N of Nanango, A.R.Bean 13160 (BRI); between Riverview and Moggill, C.E.Hubbard 4902 (BRI, K); 32 km SE of Blackwater, R.J.Henderson 730 (BRI), 3 kms E of Plunkett, foothills of Mt Tamborine, B.K.Simon 2494 & P.R.Sharpe (BRI). N.S.W.: near Wentworth, lower slopes of Blue Mts, C.E.Hubbard 8198 (BRI, K, NSW).
Similar to E. stricta by having incurved to involute leaf blades, whereas E. marginata and E. minutiflora have leaf blades that are flat; the upper lemma is longer than in these species. It differs from E. stricta by having longer spikelets. It is similar vegetatively with Dimorphochloa rigida.
ARTHRAGROSTIS
B.K.Simon, C.M.Weiller & R.D.Webster
Arthragrostis Lazarides, Nuytsia 5(2):285 (1985)
Type: Arthragrostis deschampsioides (Domin) Lazarides.
Annual. Flowering culms caespitose. Ligule a fringed membrane. Leaf blades flat. Plants with hermaphrodite florets. Inflorescence a panicle, exserted at maturity. Lowermost inflorescence node smooth. Spikelets with disarticulation at the base of the spikelet, at the base of the secondary branches, and at the base of the primary branches, dorsally compressed, lanceolate to elliptic. Glumes 2, very unequal, rounded on the back; lower glume ovate to obovate, 5–7 nerved, glabrous; upper glume lanceolate, 11 nerved, scabrous, acuminate, muticous to awned. Lower floret sterile; lemma membranous, 9–11 nerved, with apex long acuminate to acute; palea vestigial or absent. Upper floret bisexual; lemma white, decidedly firmer than glumes, chartaceous to cartilaginous, smooth, elliptic, apically rounded to acute, muticous; palea chartaceous or cartilaginous, smooth. Hilum short.
A genus with uncertain affinities within the Paniceae. Close relatives may include Yakirra, Whiteochloa and some Panicum species. (Webster 1987).
M.Lazarides, New taxa of tropical Australian grasses (Poaceae), Nuytsia 5: 273–303 (1985); B.K.Simon, Studies in Australian Grasses, 2, Austrobaileya 2:238–242 (1986); R.D.Webster, Arthragrostis in Austral. Paniceae 12–13 (1987); B.K.Simon, Studies in Australian Grasses, 5: New species and new combinations of Queensland panicoid grasses, Austrobaileya 3:585–607 (1992).
A genus of 4 species endemic to northern Australia.
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1 Upper glume and lower lemma drawn out to an arista 2 mm or more long |
1. A. aristispicula
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1: Upper glume and lower lemma acute, acuminate or with an apical cusp to 0.3 mm long |
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2 Glumes with tubercle-based cilia |
2. A. clarksoniana |
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2: Glumes glabrous |
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3 Glumes distinctly unequal |
3. A. deschampsioides |
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3: Glumes ± equal |
4. A. brassiana |
1. Arthragrostis aristispicula B.K. Simon, Austrobaileya 2: 238 (1986)
T: 4 km from Almaden on Petford Rd, Cook District, Qld, 10 Mar. 1980, B.K.Simon 3598 & J.R.Clarkson; holo: BRI; iso: CANB.
Illustrations: B.K.Simon, Austrobaileya 2: 239 & 242, figs 1 & 3 (1986).
Flowering culms 20–60 cm tall, 3–5 noded. Ligule 0.4–0.5 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 2–10 cm long, 1.5–5 mm wide. Inflorescence 5–20 cm long. Primary branches 7–10 cm long. Lowermost inflorescence node smooth. Spikelets 5–15 on a typical lowermost primary branch, lanceolate, 5.5–7 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. Glumes; lower glume 3–4 mm long, broadly ovate, 7 nerved, glabrous; upper glume 5.5–7 mm long, linear, 9–11 nerved, scabrous, long acuminate, awned, awn -2 mm long. Lower floret sterile; lemma 6–7.5 mm long, with apex long acuminate; palea absent. Upper floret; lemma 1.7–2.1 mm long, white; palea cartilaginous. Anthers 1 mm long.
Endemic; tropical coastal Qld. Tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands. Flowering Mar. to July. Map 1117.
Qld: 12 mi E of The Lynd, S.T.Blake 19477 (AD, BRI, CANB, DNA, K, MO, NSW, PERTH); Mt. Spider, D.M.Goodall 66 (BRI); near Charters Towers, S.T.Blake 14905 (BRI); Charters Towers, S.T.Blake 11704 (BRI); Poison Lake, near Greenvale, R,J,Fensham (BRI).
Differs from A. deschampsioides and A. clarksoniana by the upper glume and lower lemma drawn out to an arista 2 mm or more long.
2. Arthragrostis clarksoniana B.K. Simon, Austrobaileya 3: 585 (1992)
T: Cook Distr., 16 km from Meripah homestead on road to the south, 11 May 1987, J.R. Clarkson 7149 & B.K. Simon; holo:BRI; iso: MBA, NSW.
Illustrations: B.K.Simon, op. cit. fig. 1.
Flowering culms 40–60 cm tall, 2–4 noded. Ligule 0.5 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 3–10 cm long, 20 mm wide. Inflorescence 23–30 cm long. Primary branches 1–2.1 cm long. Spikelets 15–25 on a typical lowermost primary branch, adaxial, ovate or elliptic, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Glumes very unequal; lower glume not fused with the callus, 4 mm long, ovate or elliptic, 5 nerved, hairy (with tubercle-based cilia on the nerves), setose; upper glume 3.5 mm long, elliptic (narrowly), 7–9 nerved, hairy (with tubercle-based cilia on the nerves), acuminate, mucronate, awn -0.3 mm long. Lower floret; lemma 3.5 mm long, with apex acute; palea vestigial, apically truncate. Upper floret; lemma 1.5 mm long, yellow; palea chartaceous.
Endemic; tropical N.T. and Cape York, Qld. Tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands. Flowering Apr. to July. Map 1116.
3. Arthragrostis deschampsioides (Domin) Lazarides, Nuytsia 5: 286 (1985)
Panicum deschampsioides Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 85: 320 (1915). T: Castle Hill, Townsville, Qld, K.Domin [1208, 1209].; holo: PR (photos BRI); iso: BRI.
Illustrations: B.K.Simon, Austrobaileya 2: 239 & 242, figs 1 & 3 (1986).
Flowering culms 20–60 cm tall, 3–5 noded. Ligule 0.35–0.5 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 2–10 cm long, 1.5–5 mm wide. Inflorescence 5–20 cm long. Primary branches 7–10 cm long. Lowermost inflorescence node smooth. Spikelets 5–15 on a typical lowermost primary branch, lanceolate, 4–4.9 mm long, 1–1.2 mm wide. Glumes ± equal (upper longer); lower glume 1.7–2.4 mm long, ovate to obovate, 7 nerved, glabrous; upper glume 3.2–3.9 mm long, lanceolate, 11 nerved, scabrous, acuminate, apiculate or mucronate, awn -0.3 mm long. Lower floret sterile; lemma 4.5–5 mm long, with apex acuminate to acute; palea absent. Upper floret; lemma 1.7–2.1 mm long, white, apically rounded to acute, muticous; palea cartilaginous. Anthers 1 mm long.
Endemic; tropical coastal Qld from Townsville to the tip of Cape York. Tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands. Flowering Feb. to July. Map 1115.
Qld.: 12 mi E of The Lynd, S.T.Blake 19478 (AD, BRI, CAMB, DNA, K, L, MO, PERTH, PRE); 69.2 km SSW of Mt. Garnet Township, M. Lazarides 4212 (BRI, CANB); 20 miles W of Greenvale Stn., M. Lazarides 4659 (CANB); Castle hill, Townsville, S.T.Blake 8159 (BRI); 2 km SW of James Cook University, R.J.Cumming 9851 (BRI).
Similar to A. clarksoniana with the upper glume and lower lemma acuminate or with an apical cusp, and differing by having glabrous and unequal glumes.
N.T.: 60 km SW OF Dorisvale, P.K.Latz 13987 (BRI, DNA). Qld: York Downs, A.Morton 1191 (BRI); Batavia Downs.J.R.Clarkson 8590 & V.J.Nelder (BRI, MBA); Archer R, Wenlock- Coen Rd, L.J.Brass 19738 (A, BRI).
Similar to A. deschampsioidea with the upper glume and lower lemma acuminate or with an apical cusp, and differing by having glumes that are more or less equal and are ciliate. This species is recognised as Poorly Known in J.D.Briggs & J.H.Leigh, Rare and Threatened Austalian Plants (1995).
4. Arthragrostis brassiana B.K.Simon, Austrobaileya 9:188 (2010)
T: Crest of Western Scarp of Great Dividing Ra, 12 mi (19 km) E of The Lynd, S.T.Blake 19478: holo: BRI; iso: AD, CANB, DNA, K, L, MO, PERTH, PRE.
Flowering culms 30–70 cm tall, 3–5 noded. Ligule 0.5–0.7 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 3–9 cm long, 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescence 8–35 cm long. Primary branches 3–10 cm long. Pedicels distinctly angled. Spikelets 5–10 on a typical lowermost primary branch, lanceolate to ovate, 2–5.2 mm long, 0.6–1.5 mm wide. Glumes ± equal; lower glume ovate to lanceolate, 3–5 nerved, glabrous; upper glume lanceolate, 5–7 nerved, glabrous, acute, muticous. Lower floret sterile; lemma with apex acute; palea vestigial. Upper floret; lemma yellow or brown, apically rounded, muticous; palea cartilaginous.
Endemic; Cape York and one record from Burke Distr., Qld. Tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands.
Both A. brassiana and A. deschampsioides differ from A. clarksoniana by having glabrous glumes, as opposed to glumes with tubercle-based cilia. A. brassiana differs from A. deschampsioides by the glumes being only slightly unequal. There are 2 varieties in Australia.
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Spikelets 3.8-5.2 mm long |
4a. var. brassiana |
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Spikelets 2-3.5 mm long |
4b. var. minutiflora |
4a. Arthragrostis brassiana var. brassiana
Inflorescence 16–30 cm long. Spikelets 3.8–5.2 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide. Glumes ;. Lower glume 3–3.2 mm long, lanceolate, 5 nerved. Upper glume 3.4–3.7 mm long, lanceolate, 7 nerved. Lower floret ;. Lemma 3.8–5.2 mm long, chartaceous. Palea vestigial (0.5 mm long), with a rounded apex. Upper floret ;. Lemma 1.5–2 mm long, decidedly firmer than glumes, coriaceous, smooth, oblong.
Endemic; Cape York and one record from Burke Distr., Qld. Flowering May, or July, or Sep.
Qld.: Newcastle Bay, 2.5mi (4 km) S of Somerset., L.J.Brass 18712 (A, BRI); Lockerbie, 10 ml (16 km) W of Somerset, L.J.Brass 18495 (A, BRI); Jardine R., L.J.Brass 18875 (A, BRI); Shipton's Flat, L.J.Brass 20166 (A, BRI); Esmeralda Stn, Richmond-Croydon Rd, C.Kahler TH7828 & C. Appelman (BRI).
4a. Arthragrostis brassiana var. minutiflora B.K. Simon, Austrobaileya 9:188 (2010)
T: Lockerbie, 10 ml (16 km) W of Somerset, 04 May 1948, L.J. Brass 18637: holo: BRI; iso: A.
Inflorescence 20–35 cm long. Spikelets 2–3 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Glumes ;. Lower glume 2.1–2.4 mm long, lanceolate, 3 nerved. Upper glume 2 mm long, lanceolate, 5 nerved. Lower floret ;. Lemma 2 mm long. Palea vestigial (0.3 mm long). Upper floret ;. Lemma 1.3–1.4 mm long, decidedly firmer than glumes, coriaceous, smooth, oblong.
Endemic; restricted to the tip of Cape York. Flowering Apr. to June.
Qld: Portland Roads, L.J.Brass 19007 (A, BRI); Lockerbie, 10 ml (16 km) W of Somerset, L.J.Brass 18430 (A, BRI).
SACCIOLEPIS
B.K.Simon, C.M.Weiller & R.D.Webster
Sacciolepis Nash, in N.L.Britton, Man. Fl. N. States 89 (1901); from the Greek sakkion (a small bag) and lepis (scale), alluding to the saccate upper glume.
Type: Sacciolepis gibba (S.Elliott) Nash.
Panicum series Myuroideae Benth., Fl. Austral. 7: 480 (1878);.
Annual, stoloniferous or without stolons. Flowering culms caespitose or decumbent. Ligule membranous. Leaf blades flat to involute. Plants with hermaphrodite florets. Inflorescence a panicle or a raceme, exserted at maturity. Spikelets with disarticulation at the base of the spikelet, adaxial, laterally compressed, lanceolate to ovate or elliptic. Glumes 2, very unequal, saccate; lower glume ovate, 3–7 nerved, hairy or glabrous; upper glume lanceolate, 7–9 nerved, hairy or glabrous, strigose, acute to rounded, muticous. Lower floret male, or sterile; lemma membranous, 7 nerved, strigose, with apex acute; palea vestigial or absent, with a rounded apex. Upper floret bisexual; lemma white (glossy), chartaceous to cartilaginous, smooth, acute, muticous; palea chartaceous, smooth. Hilum short.
Recognised by its spiciform inflorescence. The few species with an open panicle could be mistaken for Panicum, but have gibbous ribbed spikelets characteristic of Sacciolepis (Clayton & Renvoize, 1986).
B.K.Simon, A revision of the genus Sacciolepis (Gramineae) in the Flora Zambesiaca area, Kew Bull. 27: 387–406 (1972); Joyce W.Vickery, Sacciolepis in R.H.Anderson, Flora of New South Wales 19 (2): 187–189 (1975); R.D.Webster, Sacciolepis in Austral. Paniceae 200–202 (1987); W.J. Crins, Sacciolepis in The genera of Paniceae (Gramineae: Panicoideae) in the Southestern United States, 252-254 (1991)
About 30 species, many native to the African tropics, with 2 species native in Australia.
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Spikelets 2.5‑3 mm long, acuminate; pedicels smooth |
1. S. indica |
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Spikelets 1‑1.2 mm long, acute or subobtuse; pedicels scabrid |
2. S. myosuroides |
1. Sacciolepis indica (L.) A. Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21: 8 (1908)
Aira indica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 63 (1753); Panicum indicum (L.) L., Mant. Pl. 2: 184 (1771), nom illeg. non Mill. (1768). T: Sri Lanka: Sabaraganamuwa Province: Ratnagsura District, 22 Oct 1974; neo: G.Davidse 7871: K (photo BRI); iso: MO (photo BRI), US, fide Renvoize in Cafferty et al., Taxon 49(2): 244 (2000).
Panicum myuros Lam., Encycl. 1: 172 (1791); Hymenachne myuros (Lam.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 49, 165 (1812); Sacciolepis myuros (Lam.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 7 (1908). T: French Guiana, D. Le Blond s.n., no date, holo:P-LA; iso: B-W, US.
Panicum angustum Trin., Sp. Gram. Stipac. 3: 627, t. 334 (1835). T: not cited.
Panicum arcuatum R.Br., Prodr. 189 (1810). T: (T.) B. v.s. "(T)"= littoral tropical New Holland. Collected on Cook's journey by Banks., Banks s.n..
Panicum phleoides R.Br., Prodr. 189 (1810). T: (T.) B. v.s.
Illustrations: J.C.Tothill & J.B.Hacker, Grasses of Southern Queensland 366 (1983); T.D.Stanley & E.M.Ross, Fl. SE Queensland 3: 205, fig. 32B (1989); S.W.L.Jacobs & T.A.James in G.J.Harden (ed.), Fl. New South Wales 4: 489 (1993); I.D.Cowie, P.S.Short & M.Osterkamp Madsen, Floodplain Flora 322, Fig 84 (2000).
Flowering culms caespitose or decumbent, 20–90 cm tall, 3–6 noded. Ligule 0.2–0.5 mm long. Leaf blades flat, 2.5–25 cm long, 2–6 mm wide. Inflorescence a panicle, 0.6–13 cm long. Primary branches 0.2–1 cm long, 0.2–0.3 cm wide. Spikelets 4–12 on a typical lowermost primary branch, adaxial, lanceolate to ovate (gibbose), 2.2–3.5 mm long, 0.8–1.2 mm wide; pedicels smooth. Glumes; lower glume 1–1.6 mm long, 3–7 nerved, hairy or glabrous; upper glume 2.2–3.5 mm long, 9 nerved, hairy or glabrous, strigose, acute to rounded. Lower floret male, or sterile; lemma 2.2–3.5 mm long; palea vestigial to absent. Upper floret; lemma 1.4–1.7 mm long, acute, muticous. Anthers 1.1–1.7 mm long. Indian Cupscale Grass.
Native; coastal and subcoastal regions from the Kimberley, W.A. to central N.S.W. Tropical and subtropical rain forests, tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands, and coastal grasslands. Flowering spoaradically throughout the year. Map 1118.
W.A.: Billy Fire Spring c 30km SW of Theda, A.A. Mitchell 3670 (BRI, PERTH). N.T.: Jabiru, C.Dunlop 3281 (BRI, CANB, DNA, NSW); Fog Bay, S.T.Blake 16787 (AD, BRI, CANB, NSW, PERTH). Qld: 34.4 km from Oroners, J.R.Clarkson 3759 (BRI, CANB, K, NSW, QRS); N.S.W.: Morisset, R.G.Coveny 16495,T. Tame & Z. Donabauer (BRI, NSW).
Highly variable in size, spikelet length and pubescence. Spikelet length and smooth pedicels can be used to quickly distinguish S. indica from S. myosuroides..
A native annual widespread in the Paleotropics; a fodder plant of low forage value.
2. Sacciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.) A. Camus, In E.G.Camus & A.Camus, in P.H.Lecomte, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 460 (1922)
Panicum myosuroides R.Br., Prodr. 189 (1810); S. myosuroides (R.Br.) Hughes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 330 (1923), nom. illeg.. T: tropical Australia, Banks; holo: BM (photo BRI).
Illustrations: C.A.Gardner, Fl. W. Australia 1: 263 (1952); E.E.Henty, Man. Grasses N. Guinea 164, pl. 63 (1969); I.D.Cowie, P.S.Short & M.Osterkamp Madsen, Floodplain Flora 322, Fig 84 (2000).
Stoloniferous or without stolons. Flowering culms caespitose or decumbent (the base occasionally spongy), 15–90 cm tall, 2–6 noded. Ligule 0.3–1 mm long. Leaf blades flat to involute, 3–30 cm long, 1.2–4.5 mm wide. Inflorescence a panicle (cylindrical and spike-like) or a raceme, 1.5–14 cm long. Primary branches 0.2–1 cm long, 0.15–0.25 cm wide. Spikelets 4–16 on a typical lowermost primary branch, abaxial, elliptic, 1.1–1.5 mm long, 0.55–0.7 mm wide; pedicels scabrid. Glumes; lower glume 0.6–1 mm long, 3 nerved, glabrous; upper glume 1.1–1.5 mm long, 7–9 nerved, acute to rounded. Lower floret sterile; lemma 1.1–1.5 mm long; palea absent. Upper floret; lemma 1–1.3 mm long, lacking an apical crest, apically rounded, muticous. Anthers 0.8–0.85 mm long.
Native; native to the tropics of Asia and Australia. In Australia from the Kimberley, W.A. to tropical Qld. Tropical and subtropical rain forests, tropical and subtropical sub-humid woodlands, and coastal grasslands. Flowering Apr. to Sep. Map 1119.
W.A.: Vansittart Bay, E.A.Chesterfield 366, S.J.Forbes, & J.H.Willis (BRI, CANB, L, PERTH). N.T.: Mt Brockman Outlier, 15 km SE of Jabiru, R.W.Johnson 4653 (BRI, DNA); Nicholson R. area, T.Henshall 346 (BRI, CANB, DNA). Qld: 9 km from Koolburra, J.R.Clarkson 3696 (AH, BRI, CANB, K, NSW, PERTH); Laura sandstone area N of Laura R., N.Byrnes 3322 (ATH, BRI).
Diagnostic features include spikelet length and the scabrous pedicels.